Making the Case for Dropless Cataract Surgery

Ophthalmology Patient Experience Pain Management Infection Prevention

By: Joe Paone | Senior Editor

Published: 11/15/2021

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Removing the burden of post-op eye drop regimens simplifies recoveries for patients and contributes to improved outcomes.


Cataract surgery is usually performed quickly and typically without incident. It’s the recoveries that could prove problematic. Patients must administer a staggering number of drops safely and properly at home in the days and weeks after the surgery to prevent infection and inflammation. They must use proper technique and stick to a rigorous schedule — challenges that many patients don’t or can’t meet.

“If patients undergo surgery on both eyes, they need to instill more than 500 drops,” says Neal Shorstein, MD, an ophthalmologist at Kaiser Permanente in Walnut Creek, Calif. “You’re talking about an antibiotic, a steroid and, often, an NSAID that the patient must administer in both eyes.”

Dr. Shorstein points to several studies that show cataract patients — in the case of one highly regarded study, 93% of them — instill drops incorrectly. They touch the tip of the eye drop bottle, scrape the cornea during administration or miss the eye altogether. “That’s worrisome because it’s important that patients receive the drops without traumatizing the eye to prevent post-op infection and inflammation,” he says.

Dropless cataract surgery eliminates these concerns. There are several options available to perform it while making life simpler for patients. 

• Intracameral injections. At the end of standard procedures, Dr. Shorstein injects the antibiotic moxifloxacin into the eye’s anterior chamber. “It’s extremely effective in reducing the risk of endophthalmitis,” he says. “Our rate is about one in 5,000 patients.”

There still is no FDA approved moxifloxacin product indicated for this use, so the drug must be compounded by a 503B outsourcing pharmacy. It’s essential to source moxifloxacin from a vetted facility. “Ordering it, setting up shipping and having it stored properly — that takes some preparation and time,” says Dr. Shorstein.

Practice changes evolve over time, and I think dropless surgery is where we’re heading.
— Neal Shorstein, MD

When European surgeons began administering intracameral injections of antibiotics two decades ago, they initially also prescribed topical drops. “The thought was, ‘I’ll just add the injection to what I’m already doing, and we’ll make absolutely sure that we’re going to prevent infections,” says Dr. Shorstein.

Swedish researchers then produced several studies in the late 2000s and the 2010s that found 85% to 90% of surgeons in that country had evolved to injection-only cataract surgery. (In Europe’s case, intracameral cefuroxime is typically used instead of moxifloxacin.)

“Instilling topical antibiotic drops has been the traditional practice for surgeons, even though prior to 2016 no research showed that drops reduce the risk of endophthalmitis,” says Dr. Shorstein. “But more recent studies say topical drops reduce the load of bacteria on the eyelid and even on the conjunctiva.”

Many surgeons in the U.S. still prescribe topical antibiotic drops in addition to administering the intraoperative injection. Dr. Shorstein suspects that’s due to habits prevailing for decades, but emerging research continues to favor the dropless trend and increasing numbers of physicians are realizing topical drops aren’t necessary when injections are administered. “Practice changes evolve over time, and I think dropless surgery is where we’re heading,” he says.

At the end of surgery, Dr. Shorstein also injects triamcinolone, a long-acting steroid, into the subconjunctival space to prevent post-op inflammation. He says the injection — an off-label use of an FDA approved product — is as effective as administering topical steroid drops.

• Sustained-release meds. Two FDA approved products have recently emerged to give surgeons another effective option for administering the steroid treatment. Dexycu (dexamethasone intraocular suspension) 9% is a steroid injected behind the iris in the inferior portion of the posterior chamber. Dextenza (dexamethasone ophthalmic insert) 0.4 mg is inserted into the punctum.

“Both of these products remain in place for about two to three weeks and provide long-acting steroid administration to the eye,” says Dr. Shorstein. “By administering these agents, surgeons take control of ensuring the drugs are in place for prophylaxis. It definitely gives us peace of mind, and patients love the practice because they don’t need to constantly put in drops throughout the day.”

Dr. Shorstein acknowledges the two medications are expensive, ranging in price between $500 and $700 per case. However, both agents have received pass-through status from CMS, meaning facilities can bill CMS separately for their use and be reimbursed the average sales price plus 6%. Dexycu has pass-through status through March 31 of next year and Dextenza’s pass-through status is set to expire at the end of December. However, CMS has indicated in its proposed 2022 Hospital Outpatient Prospective Payment System — the final rule is expected to be published this month — that it will extend the pass-through status for both medications until the end of next year.

Surgeons might soon have another way to perform dropless cataract surgery. The concept of soaking IOLs in an antibiotic and non-steroidal solution prior to implantation is currently being studied, according to Dr. Shorstein, who’s excited by the possibility. “If you supplement a soaked implant with an intracameral antibiotic injection, the amount of antibiotic drug present in the eye is very high initially and persists for numerous days after the surgery,” he says. “This is a very exciting area, and if it comes to market, it has the potential to be a complete gamechanger.”

 

Practice improvement

SIMPLE SOLUTION Intraoperative injections are highly effective for preventing endophthalmitis and inflammation, while eliminating the possibility of noncompliance associated with patients self-administering drops.  |  Uday Devgan

Dropless cataract surgeries have proven successful at Mann Eye Institute in Houston. Before each case, scrub techs receive compounded moxifloxacin to draw up, and the surgeon injects it into the patient’s eye. “Since these are compounded drugs, the staff document each use in a logbook,” says ASC Administrator Kayla Schneeweiss-Keene, RN. “From an ASC practice standpoint, the drug is easy to use.”

Jeremy Benson, administrator at Mann’s clinic in Katy, Texas, says the facility hasn’t fully eliminated the prescribing of topical drops following cataract surgery, but the dropless procedures its physicians do perform have resulted in money and time savings. “Processes have become streamlined in getting patients their medications prior to surgery without the effects of astronomical out-of-pocket costs and patient confusion at the pharmacy,” he says. “We have seen declines in patient callbacks, clinical tasks for authorizing post-op drop prescriptions and staff spending time trying to rectify the issue of patients contending with large co-pays at their pharmacies.”

Patient selection is not much of a concern when considering the dropless technique. “There is no significant contraindication of intracameral injection of an antibiotic, except when there is a history of anaphylaxis to the drug,” says Dr. Shorstein.

He suggests it’s probably best to avoid placing a long-acting steroid in patients with severe or acute angle-closure glaucoma, a history of intraocular pressure spikes to a steroid or a compromised optic nerve. “There is an association with an intraocular pressure rise in some patients who are treated with a steroid, and if a long-acting steroid is injected, it could be difficult to remove it from the eye,” he says. “It’s probably better to treat these patients with a topical drop, because that can be adjusted very quickly once the intraocular pressure rise is detected.”

Dr. Shorstein suggests monitoring the intraocular pressure of all dropless patients due to the injected steroid. “Having patients return for an eye pressure check is advisable, because the intraocular pressure generally will rise within three to six weeks if there is a response to the steroid,” he says. “For subconjunctival triamcinolone injections, it’s important to monitor the patient’s intraocular pressure if there is a visible subconjunctival depot of the steroid, which you can see easily where it was injected, until it is largely disappeared. We found that once the deposit disappears, we have not seen intraocular pressure spikes.”

Patients who undergo dropless surgery no longer need to juggle three different bottles of medications after their surgeries, which often resulted in confusion and unintentional noncompliance. “The soft costs of having to handle issues at the pharmacy and callbacks that demanded the time of clinical and call center staff to manage directly impacted the clinic’s profitability,” says Mr. Benson. “That’s no longer an issue.”

Ms. Schneeweiss-Keene is a believer in going dropless. “Because our surgery center and surgeons work so closely together, the procedures have benefited the practice as a whole,” she says. “It increases case costs, but it’s worth the additional expense because our physicians say it benefits patient outcomes.” OSM

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